Thomas Aquinas on When Life Begins

A Comparative Religions 352: History and Development of Modern Christian Thought essay by Brooke Paz.

 

Case Study: Thomas Aquinas on When Life Begins

            In The Summa Theologica, St. Thomas Aquinas provided an explanation for how the soul is produced. He suggested that sperm power generates the human soul[1], but this soul does not enter the fetus until later in development. In this case study I will explain what these ideas mean, why they are problematic, and provide my own case for the existence of the human soul at conception.

To begin, Aquinas was a priest dedicated to academics, service, and defending his faith. In the Middle Ages, mysticism and scholasticism were two important concepts characteristic of the time period. Theologians based their worldview on the reconciliation of Biblical doctrine and Greek philosophy. Aquinas accomplished this through the incorporation of many Aristotelian principles in his theology, including the idea that a human’s soul entered the male embryo 40 days after conception and the female embryo after 90 days[2]. Aristotle also believed the soul was distinct and separate from the body. Aquinas integrated these concepts into his own religious beliefs, claiming that God made intellectual souls at the beginning of the world, but they did not enter the embryo until later in development.

Additionally, this time period is known as the Dark Ages due to the lack of science, art, books, medicine, and literacy. The Catholic Church forbid dissection[3], limiting the understanding of anatomy. However, Aquinas studied under a well-known scientist, theologian, and philosopher named Albertus Magnus[4]. This education likely shaped his views of the body and spirituality. During this time, people also believed in spontaneous generation[5], or the production of living matter through nonliving matter. For example, a woman was thought to possess nonliving fetal matter, while a man produced nonliving seminal fluid. Bringing these two substances together through the process of sexual intercourse created a vegetative being, which later formed into a sensitive being, and then an intellectual being. This, again, incorporated ideas from Aristotle, who believed in a set of mental hierarchies called the chain of being. At the top of this chain was God. Below him were angels and then demons. These higher beings were said to interact with the lower dimension, which included humans, animals, fish, plants, and inanimate matter. The beings ranked lower on the chain indicated reduced mental capacities. Therefore, what made human beings distinct from plants and animals was their intellectual ability.

Moreover, Aquinas further developed this theory in The Summa Theologica. He believed in three types of souls: vegetative, sensitive, and intellectual. The vegetative soul performed basic functions of existence, such as growth, reproduction, and nourishment. The sensitive soul was related to movement, perception, and sensation. Plants only had a vegetative soul, while animals possessed both the vegetative soul and sensitive soul. On the other hand, a human was distinct due to their intellectual soul. This encompassed rationality, reason, and thought. The intellectual soul also carried that person’s knowledge into the afterlife[6]. However, Aquinas did not believe this intellectual soul was present in a human being until weeks after conception. Rather, he concluded that humans underwent a process of development physically and spiritually, leading to delayed ensoulment.

Despite the deficiency of scientific knowledge at the time, I think Aquinas’s understanding of the human body and soul were well-thought-out. However, I do not believe humans gain their personhood or what makes them non-animals through seminal power weeks after conception. Other possible theories of ensoulment include implantation, post-birth, and later in the baby’s development outside of the womb. To begin, a human may gain their soul when the embryo drops and settles in uterine lining one week after fertilization, officially causing pregnancy. On the other hand, the soul may enter the body when a baby takes its first breath out of the womb or when it demonstrates the capacity for rational thought.

However, these theories are problematic because they are just natural stages of physical development. Intellectual processes actually begin at conception when the cells intentionally form the embryo, causing it to develop and grow into a fully functioning fetus over time. The nutritive and sensitive “souls” are present in these physical reactions, but it seems intelligent design is also at play during the processes. Therefore, I believe humanness begins at conception when the semen and egg meet.

To start, Aquinas believed God put the baby in man, which was then transferred to the woman through intercourse. However, neither the semen nor the egg alone can produce an embryo. Because of the advances in science and technology, we now know that our cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, whereas an egg and sperm cell each carry only one part of the pairs. So when the sperm cell penetrates the egg, there is an immediate chemical reaction[7] causing the chromosomes to pair up[8]. This is the process of fertilization, which releases the genetic combinations of the parents, creating a new and unique set of DNA in the embryo. Therefore, the embryo needs both the sperm and egg to animate in the first place.

However, Aquinas accurately stated in The Summa Theologica that beings only reproduce after their own kind. Therefore, if humans only breed humans, their humanity must exist from the moment the being is created. Otherwise, without the intellectual soul to differentiate it, that being would be reduced to the status of nonhuman animal or plant.

Additionally, from a Biblical perspective, various verses seem to establish human life at conception. For example, Isaiah 44:24 says, “This is what the Lord says- your Redeemer, who formed you in the womb: ‘I am the Lord, the Maker of all things, who stretches out the heavens, who spreads out the earth by myself.’” In this verse, God established that He makes all things, including the child in the womb. Another passage that supports this idea is Psalm 139: 13-14, which says, “For you created my inmost being; you knit me together in my mother’s womb. I praise you because I am fearfully and wonderfully made; your works are wonderful; I know that full well.” This passage reaffirms the idea that God intentionally creates life through processes that happen within the womb, indicating an intellectual design. God’s design for development is written in human cells, allowing them to naturally form and sustain the fetus.

Therefore, the human soul must enter the embryo when fertilization creates human life. Discussing this concept is particularly important due to the timely and contentious issue of abortion. Many people disagree on whether a fetus has moral value and the right to life. This dissension stems from arguments regarding the beginning of human life and personhood. Although a fetus begins as a clump of cells, there are important and intentional processes going on at the beginning of conception, which lead to rapid fetal growth and development in the womb.

To ensure that this proposed solution is correct, and that both the life and soul of a human begins at fertilization, there must be more scientific research into the forces that happen at conception. Unfortunately, it is difficult to make spiritual observations in physical experiences. However, more examinations of reactions in the womb may prove that, even though the brain isn’t formed yet in the embryo, cells function in an intentional and logical manner indicative of an intellectual soul.

 

 

Bibliography

Aquinas, St. Thomas. “The Summa Theologica.” Dhspriory. Trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province. N.p., 2 Jan. 1998. Web. 13 Feb. 2017.

Brind’Amour, Katherine. “St. Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225-1274).” The Embryo Project Encyclopedia. Arizona Board of Regents, 11 Nov. 2007. Web. 13 Feb. 2017.

Catholic Answers Staff. “Was St. Thomas Aquinas wrong about when human life begins?” Catholic Answers. Catholic Answers, 4 Aug. 2011. Web. 13 Feb. 2017.

“Ensoulment.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 13 Feb. 2017. Web. 13 Feb. 2017.

Harris, Dr. Beth, and Dr. Steven Zucker. “The study of anatomy.” Khan Academy. Khan Academy, 2017. Web. 13 Feb. 2017.

“How Fertilization Happens.” What To Expect. Everyday Health, 2017. Web. 13 Feb. 2017.

McInerny, Ralph. “Saint Thomas Aquinas.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University, 23 May 2014. Web. 13 Feb. 2017.

Sapolsky, Robert. “Sperm contains dad’s lifestyle information alongside basic genetic material.” Genetic Literacy Project. Disqus, 11 Sept. 2014. Web. 13 Feb. 2017.

The NIV. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Bible Pub., 1983. Print.

[1] Aquinas, St. Thomas. “The Summa Theologica.” Dhspriory. January 2, 1998. Accessed February 13, 2017. http://dhspriory.org/thomas/english/summa/FP/FP118.html#FPQ118OUTP1.

[2] “Ensoulment.” Wikipedia. February 13, 2017. Accessed February 13, 2017. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensoulment.

[3] Harris, Dr. Beth, and Dr. Steven Zucker. “The study of anatomy.” Khan Academy. 2017. Accessed February 13, 2017. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/renaissance-reformation/early-renaissance1/beginners-renaissance-florence/a/the-study-of-anatomy.

[4] Brind’Amour, Katherine. “St. Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225-1274).” The Embryo Project Encyclopedia. November 11, 2007. Accessed February 13, 2017. https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/st-thomas-aquinas-c-1225-1274.

[5] Catholic Answers Staff. “Was St. Thomas Aquinas wrong about when human life begins?” Catholic Answers. August 4, 2011. Accessed February 13, 2017. https://www.catholic.com/qa/was-st-thomas-aquinas-wrong-about-when-human-life-begins.

[6] McInerny, Ralph. “Saint Thomas Aquinas.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. May 23, 2014. Accessed February 13, 2017. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aquinas/#ThoAri.

[7] “How Fertilization Happens.” What To Expect. 2017. Accessed February 13, 2017. http://www.whattoexpect.com/preconception/fertility/how-fertilization-happens.aspx.

[8] Sapolsky, Robert. “Sperm contains dad’s lifestyle information alongside basic genetic material.” Genetic Literacy Project. September 11, 2014. Accessed February 13, 2017. https://www.geneticliteracyproject.org/2014/09/11/sperm-contain-dads-lifestyle-information-alongside-basic-genetic-material/.

COMM 201 Community Issue Story: OPA Charter Renewal

Successful charter school Oxford Preparatory Academy (OPA) is at risk for closure this summer due to an ongoing battle with the Chino Valley School Board.

Despite steady support throughout the years, the board members decided to deny OPA’s five-year renewal petition due to allegations of financial misconduct and mismanagement.

Suspicions of a conflict of interest arose when OPA founder Sue Roche simultaneously served as the executive director of the K-8 school and Edlighten Learning Solutions, the charter’s management organization (CMO).

OPA’s Coordinator of Communications, Carrie Birchler, feels the school deserves an adequate opportunity to directly address the board’s accusations.

“There’s nothing wrong with a CMO,” Birchler said. “It’s a proven model all across the nation. Most charter schools that have more than one site have a CMO.”

However, OPA listened to and addressed the board’s concerns. Sue Roche retired, while OPA severed their ties with Edlighten Learning Solutions.

OPA also hired a forensic auditor to conduct an independent investigation on the school’s financial records. These audits were free of discrepancies all six years of OPA’s existence.

Despite these efforts, both the San Bernardino County and California Boards of Education refused to hear OPA’s appeal. They advised school officials to revise their petition and send it back to the Chino Valley School Board.

“They didn’t vote,” Birchler said. “That seems to be the thing now with elected officials. They don’t want to do their job. But to that end they didn’t say no. They couldn’t say no. The program is good.”

Since its opening in 2010, OPA has become a California Distinguished School. Their charter was renewed twice due to their academic success. In fact, OPA was named the top-performing school in San Bernardino County twice. They outperformed almost every other Chino Valley public elementary and middle school in every subject.

Additionally, OPA offers numerous extracurricular activities that other public schools are unable to fund or staff. Some of OPA’s programs include student leadership, athletics, music, art, foreign language, tutoring and various on-campus clubs.

However, not everyone is happy with OPA. Chino Valley special education teacher Yi Eubanks was frustrated when her nephew wasn’t accepted into OPA, despite living only a few doors down from the campus.

“I don’t care for OPA personally since I believe, as a charter school, they are supposed to take all the kids from the local area first,” Eubanks said. “In that aspect, I think they failed the local residents. And the students that were accepted sounded like mostly good students with little to no behavior issues so the scores of their success can be obviously skewed in their favor.”

However, Carrie Birchler, OPA’s coordinator of communications, says the school includes a varied community of families from various backgrounds and cities.

“I really believe it’s the community that makes OPA special,” Birchler said. “I think that bringing the diversity of backgrounds of the teachers, the parents, the kids, the educators together and really creating a place that’s inspired and a place that’s support and a place that’s kind makes it this special place.”

Lisa Clemons, a mother from OPA, is frustrated by the accusations against her daughter’s school.

“I personally feel it’s the teachers’ union going after them partly,” Clemons said. “If you’re making somebody else look bad I guess they just want to shut it down.”

The Chino Valley School Board had a seat in OPA’s school board, allowing them to oversee financial decisions. However, the board opted for a hands-off approach. In fact, the district signed off on OPA’s third-party audits for the six years of OPA’s existence.

“They never sat in on that position so if they’re saying we’re mismanaging then they really dropped the ball,” Clemons said.

Parents like Clemons feel the school board is stifling their freedom to choose what’s best for their children.

“It’s my tax dollars, it’s my child. And I just feel like I should get to send them to the school I choose, not just because it’s right down the street,” Clemons said. “We’ve hit the promised land of education and my kid loves going to school… It’s every parents dream to get a private school education for free.”

OPA’s charter expires June 30, 2016. If the charter is not renewed 1,200 students will be displaced and 900 students on the waiting list will be left disappointed.

“The indecision is having a tremendous impact,” Birchler said. “There’s a tremendous amount of stress and anxiety not only for the teachers… They want to make sure that they’re able to continue the good work that they’ve been doing for the past six years in the classroom.”

OPA is currently waiting on the Chino Valley School Board to make a decision regarding the new petition. They’re hoping for a favorable outcome sometime in November. However, if their petition is denied again, OPA plans to appeal to the San Bernardino County and California Boards of Education.

Funding Planned Parenthood- A Few Solid Arguments

Last week, I participated in a debate in my argumentation class. We brainstormed topics, voted on them, and then chose between 2 subjects for our argument- minimum wage and defunding Planned Parenthood.

Of course, I chose to affirm the claim that the federal government should defund Planned Parenthood.

When presenting my argument, I spoke about the scandals surrounding Planned Parenthood, as well as the company’s insufficient healthcare services. I compared this to the benefits of Federally Qualified Health Centers and proposed that Planned Parenthood’s federal funding should be reallocated to FQHCs.

After presenting my claims and evidence, the class was required to ask questions about my argument. Then, students who opposed the federal defunding of Planned Parenthood presented their evidence and answered questions.

At face value, a few of their arguments actually stood out to me as fairly legitimate. That is, until I whipped out my already prepared folder of articles and evidence.

The following are 3 common pro-choice claims you need to know about.

 

Only 3% of Planned Parenthood’s Services are Abortions

This myth was brought up quite a few times in my class. It is a commonly held belief and strong piece of evidence; however, the statistic is severely manipulated. According to Abby Johnson, the former director of Planned Parenthood, PP intentionally deflates the numbers of abortions by inflating the statistics of other services. They separate the number of procedures from one visit, unbundling them to deceptively duplicate the number of women they serviced. One visit, one annual exam with 14 procedures is statistically made to look like 14 separate visits. Compare that to one patient for an abortion that is not unbundled and you have manipulated numbers meant to deceive the general public.

 

Planned Parenthood’s Federal Funding Does Not Go Towards Abortions

Without further research, this seems like a tough claim to overcome. However, many are unaware of why this argument is simply untrue. There are several cases in which Planned Parenthood has billed taxpayers for abortions. Additionally, funding Planned Parenthood’s needs and services enable other funds to go towards abortions. Besides, keeping the lights on and the water running in a Planned Parenthood facility, as well as providing funds for basic supplies such as cleaners, directly benefit the abortion rooms.

 

Planned Parenthood’s Branding

Some believe, because Planned Parenthood is a nationally recognized brand united under one name, they are the superior choice for supplementary healthcare. This is a fairly relevant claim due to the fact that the general public is not aware of what Federally Qualified Health Centers are, the services they provide, and their benefits overall. In fact, when I brought up FQHCs in class, no one really knew what it was and where they could be found. To me, this is a very legitimate concern that needs to be addressed. However, it’s not a super difficult fix.

Realistically, why would we fund an organization just because they are well-known? That’s flawed logic that benefits no one. There are far better ways to fix this problem, such as promoting awareness through the federal government and individual communities. Besides, there are twice as many FQHCs as there are Planned Parenthoods, servicing 8x the amount of people PP does in a year. And that number is continuing to change dramatically as customers aren’t showing up to Planned Parenthood and their facilities are closing left and right.

So the issue of unintentional ignorance simply comes down to awareness on both a national and local level- showing the public what their options are and where they can go. Funding FQHCs would allow them to grow, expand, and advertise better. But it is also up to the public to pass on information about FQHCs to those around us, promoting these facilities in our circles, on social media, in the schools, and throughout our towns.

Yes, Planned Parenthood is well-known. The public knows who they are, what they do, and often where they’re located. But Federally Qualified Health Centers deserve funding due to their competency, transparency, comprehensive services, and economic benefits.

Sure, we could fund both. But is that really a wise decision considering the current state of our economy? There’s really no need to fund both organizations when FQHCs provide everything PP does and more, just without the abortions. (And yes, abortion would still exist even if Planned Parenthood suddenly went completely out of business. They only provide 1/3 of abortions in the nation. Hospitals and other businesses that make up the other 2/3 would be glad to take over for Planned Parenthood.)

 
Despite the merits in these arguments, it’s possible to dispel these common myths and beliefs. All you need is a bit of determination and research! It’s so important to be prepared to defend your values and beliefs.

Are there any pro-choice arguments you struggle to overcome? Let me know in the comments below!

Abortion Isn’t Political

Too many people are afraid to have an opinion about or get involved in the issue of abortion due to its reputation as a prominent political debate topic. This is unfortunate.

Everyday, men and women choose to “terminate” their pregnancies, resulting in tragic short-term and long-term consequences This isn’t solely a political matter. In fact, I’d argue that the political perspective on the issue of abortion is the least important of them all. Abortion is a logical, moral, and social issue regarding basic, inherent human rights.

Abortion is the new slavery, the new racism, and the new holocaust. As history repeats itself, we need to rethink how to approach the issue of abortion and the value of human life.

Abortions happen all over the world. The invisible boundary lines of the land do not stop the use of abortion procedures- whether done in a back alley or hospital room. This is not a state issue, nor is it a national issue. It’s a worldwide epidemic that begins in the hearts and minds of people from all cultures, backgrounds, and situations.

Let me clarify, I’m not talking about abortions of necessity in order to maintain the safety of the mother. To me, that’s a different matter entirely that deserves very special consideration.

However, this is about abortions of choice. Throughout the world, abortions are done for various reasons including race, gender, inconvenience, tragedy, or some other difficult circumstance. But are these reasons adequate to end the life of a baby human in the womb?

Logically, we know the “fetus” is a human being. Dogs don’t produce cats. Birds don’t produce fish. Apple trees don’t produce grapes. It only makes sense that a human would naturally reproduce another human. Additionally, biology tells us that the heartbeat begins 18 days after conception, pumping his or her own blood through its body. The fetus also develops other distinct human traits early in its development.

Morally, a fetus is a human person. Nowadays, this is a contentious topic. As scientific and technological advancements have proven a “clump of cells” is actually a living, growing human being, pro-choicers have adjusted their arguments to “personhood” and bodily rights. However, if the fetus is really a human being, it must be endowed with the same God-given, inalienable, inherent rights as the mother.

As I stated in a previous post, “Personhood can be defined as the state of being an individual that possesses human traits, feelings, responsibilities, and rights. This is a controversial subject in philosophy, religion, politics, and law. It’s been questioned in the context of abortion, slavery, animal rights, etc.” I predict that, as in the cases of slavery and genocide of the Jews during World War II, abortion will be viewed as a historically horrific mistake and tragic misperception.

Socially, we know that abortion has negative impacts on men, women, and children. It often destroys families and communities through physical, emotional, psychological, and spiritual consequences. However, too many people are ignorant of these effects, often because they simply weren’t told. Other times, people think they can avoid these effects or their current circumstances are more difficult than the consequences of abortion. However, no one is exempt from the aftermath of abortion, which can include depression, regret, reproductive damage, loss of fertility, infection, disfigurement, and even death.

These are the things the pro-choice community doesn’t tell you. They don’t want to talk about the real options, which include abortion, adoption, and parenting. But of these, abortion is the most damaging and tragic choice for everyone.

What the community should be focusing on, no matter their personal political affiliations, is help, support, and compassion. We need to change hearts and minds about truth, real options, and the value of life no matter the circumstances.

To achieve these goals, legislation is not our primary or most effective option. Making rules will not force people to believe something is true. It just aggravates them and leads to an increase in black market accommodations. This will not fix the bigger problem occurring worldwide.

Do I think abortion should be illegal?

Yes.

Do I think activism is important?

Yes.

Do I actively support pro-life politicians and legislation?

Yes.

But I find more merit and effectiveness in education and support. As a community, pro-lifers should not only talk-the-talk, but walk the walk. Don’t just tell women to choose life; help them do so with resources, counseling, and support.

Abortion may manifest itself in the political realm, but most social and moral issues do. What this really comes down to is how we view and value life as a world-wide community, and what we’re willing to do to protect it. This does not stop at the fetus, though. We need to help and support the men, women, children, and communities involved.

Pro Life Club- What Are You Doing This Summer?

So the semester is coming to an end and summer is right around the corner. You’re about to close up shop until August, right?

Don’t!

Summer is a great opportunity to keep up your momentum from this semester. Utilizing this time can help you build stronger bonds within your group.

 

The following is a list of 10 social event ideas you can promote amongst your pro-life group this summer break.

 

1) Movie Night

Whether you go to the theater or host at your house, movies are a great way to bring people together. You can even choose a movie with a pro-life theme to make it relevant to your cause. Ask everyone to bring a snack to share, and you’re in for a fun night!

 

2) Pool Party

Beat the heat with this fun activity! Have a potluck, turn up the music, and throw in some water guns for competitive fun! This is a great way to bring people together, while staying cool in the summer swelter.

 

3) Concert

Music events are happening all the time- especially during the summer. Find an artist many are interested in. Get a group together to hang out and enjoy some great music.

 

4) Game Night

Food + Games = one great night! Whether you choose board, card, or video games, this is a perfect recipe for good laughs and great memories with a group of friends.

 

5) Food!

The key to everyone’s heart! Whether you choose to have breakfast, lunch, dinner, snacks, or dessert, food is the perfect way to bring people together. You can incorporate it into another activity or dedicate the whole event to a food-related experience. Cook or bake together, or go out to a yummy local place!

 

6) Beach Trip

The beach is great for a day of swimming, water sports, and roaming around the pier. Or enjoy an evening beside the bonfire with blankets and a guitar. The beach is often a very popular choice so you can count on a significant amount of participation. Also, carpool and turn up the radio for a fun car ride.

 

7) Theme Park

There are lots of theme parks, water parks, and fairs throughout the country for you to enjoy. Big or small, wet or dry, cheap or expensive- there are plenty of options out there! These events are bound to give your group an amusing and enjoyable experience!

 

8) Get Active

Find a new trail and go on a hike. Bike around your nearest beach. Host a sports day and bring lots of options for group activities. Explore a park. Or come up with a spontaneous adventure to get your group excited. Just get outside and enjoy the fresh air! You’ll definitely appeal to the active and adventurous members of your group.

 

9) Volunteer

Your local pregnancy resource center needs help year-round. Ask them what they need- time, help, resources- and fill it! Or switch it up and help another worthy cause. Maybe visit a no-kill animal rescue, homeless shelter, home for abused women, children’s school, or local fundraiser. You have countless options!

 

10) Activism

Be aware of what events are going on around you, like a Walk for Life or Defund Planned Parenthood Rally. Get connected with your local pro-life organizations and churches to help you stay up-to-date on what events are coming up. Or attend a pro-life seminar/conference to learn more about how to defend your views and be a more effective club.

 

Whatever you decide to do, use this summer to continue building the community and friendships within your club. People usually have more free time over the summer, so use that opportunity to strengthen your bonds. If your club members are friends with each other, they’ll feel more inclined to participate in your activities during the semester.

 

What fun activities are you planning this summer? Let me know in the comments below!

The Big Broad List of Pro-Life Movies

 

Getting together with friends? Need a new event idea for your pro-life club?

Look no further! A movie is a great way to bring people together for a fun and sometimes thought-provoking event. Ask everyone to bring a snack to share and you have yourself a great event!

Here are some pro-life themed movies to help get your next event going. I recommend you look at the storyline and trailer before choosing a film. This will help you cater the experience to your intended audience.

 

G Rating

Horton Hears a Who (2008)

Runtime: 1 hour, 26 minutes

Genre: Animation, Adventure, Comedy

 

Meet the Robinsons (2007)

Runtime: 1 hour, 35 minutes

Genre: Animation, Adventure, Comedy

 

 

PG Rating

Father of the Bride Part II (1995)

Runtime: 1 hour, 46 minutes

Genre: Comedy

Some mild language and thematic elements

 

Rabbit-Proof Fence (2002)

Runtime: 1 hour, 34 minutes

Genre: Adventure, Biography, Drama

Emotional thematic material

 

Amazing Grace (2006)

Runtime: 1 hour, 58 minutes

Genre: Biography, Drama, History

Thematic material involving slavery, and some mild language

 

Martian Child (2007)

Runtime: 1 hour, 46 minutes

Genre: Comedy, Drama, Family

Thematic elements and mild language

 

August Rush (2007)

Runtime: 1 hour, 54 minutes

Genre: Drama, Music

Some thematic elements, mild violence and language

 

 

PG-13 Rating

Gimme Shelter (2013)

Runtime: 1 hour, 41 minutes

Genre: Drama

Mature thematic material involving mistreatment, some drug content, violence and language – all concerning teens.

 

October Baby (2011)

Runtime: 1 hour, 47 minutes

Genre: Drama

Mature thematic material

 

Waitress (2007)

Runtime: 1 hour, 48 minutes

Genre: Comedy, Drama, Romance

Sexual content, language and thematic elements

 

Bella (2006)

Runtime: 1 hour, 31 minutes

Genre: Drama, Romance

Thematic elements and brief disturbing images

 

The Island (2005)

Runtime: 2 hours, 16 minutes

Genre: Action, Adventure, Romance

Intense sequences of violence and action, some sexuality and language

 

The Giver (2014)

Runtime: 1 hour, 37 minutes

Genre: Drama, Romance, Sci-Fi

Mature thematic image and some sci-fi action/violence

 

Hotel Rwanda (2004)

Runtime: 2 hours, 1 minute

Genre: Drama, History, War

Appeal for violence, disturbing images and brief strong language

 

The Forgotten (2004)

Runtime: 1 hour, 31 minutes

Genre: Drama, Horror, Mystery

Intense thematic material, some violence and brief language

 

Gattaca (1997)

Runtime: 1 hour, 46 minutes

Genre: Drama, Sci-Fi, Thriller

Brief violent images, language, and some sexuality

 

Juno (2007)

Runtime: 1 hour, 36 minutes

Genre: Comedy, Drama, Romance

Mature thematic material, sexual content and language

 

Doonby (2013)

Runtime: 1 hour, 44 minutes

Genre: Drama, Mystery

Some violence, sexual content and thematic elements

 

Jumper (2008)

 

Runtime: 1 hour, 28 minutes

Genre: Action, Adventure, Sci-Fi

Sequences of intense action violence, some language and brief sexuality

 

Life is Beautiful (1997)

Runtime: 1 hour, 56 minutes

Genre: Comedy, Drama, Romance

Holocaust-related thematic elements

 

Just Like Heaven (2005)

Runtime: 1 hour, 35 minutes

Genre: Comedy, Fantasy, Romance

Some sexual content

 

Les Miserables (2014)

Runtime: 2 hours, 38 minutes

Genre: Drama, Musical, Romance

Suggestive and sexual material, violence and thematic elements

 

 

R Rating

Revolutionary Road (2008)

Runtime: 1 hour, 59 minutes

Genre: Drama, Romance

Language and some sexual content/nudity

 

Amistad (1997)

Runtime: 2 hours, 35 minutes

Genre: Drama, History

Some scenes of strong brutal violence and some related nudity

 

Defiance (2008)

Runtime: 2 hours, 17 minutes

Genre: Action, Drama, History

Violence and language

 

My Own Private Idaho (1991)

Runtime: 1 hour, 44 minutes

Genre: Drama

Strong sensuality, language and drug use

 

Rob Roy (1995)

Runtime: 2 hours, 19 minutes

Genre: Adventure, Biography

Violence and sexuality

 

Knocked Up (2007)

Runtime: 2 hours, 9 minutes

Genre: Comedy, Romance

Sexual content, drug use and language

 

Children of Men (2006)

Runtime: 1 hour, 49 minutes

Genre: Drama, Sci-Fi, Thriller

Strong violence, language, some drug use and brief nudity

 

Apocalypto (2006)

Runtime: 2 hours, 19 minutes

Genre: Action, Adventure, Drama

Sequences of graphic violence and disturbing images

 

The Godfather: Part II (1974)

Runtime: 3 hours, 22 minutes

Genre: Crime, Drama

 

Precious (2009)

Runtime: 1 hour, 50 minutes

Genre: Drama

Child abuse including sexual assault, and pervasive language

 

 

M Rating

22 Weeks (2009)

Runtime: 28 minutes

Genre: Short, Drama, Horror

 

 

Not Rated

180 (2011)

Runtime: 33 minutes

Genre: Short Film/Documentary

 

The Drop Box (2014)

Runtime: 1 hour, 19 minutes

Genre: Documentary, Biography, News

 

Penny Serenade (1941)

Runtime: 1 hour, 59 minutes

Genre: Drama, Romance

 

Sophie Scholl: The Final Days (2005)

Runtime: 2 hours

Genre: Biography, Crime, Drama

 

It’s a Girl! (2012)

Runtime: 1 hour, 4 minutes

Genre: Documentary

 

A Distant Thunder (2005)

Runtime: 35 minutes

Genre: Short, Thriller

 

Deadly Choice (1982)

Runtime: 55 minutes

Genre: Drama

 

Holly’s Story (2004)

Runtime: 55 minutes

Genre: Drama

 

I Was Wrong (2007)

Runtime: 30 minutes

Genre: Documentary

 

4 Months, 3 Weeks, and 2 Days (2007)

Runtime: 1 hour, 53 minutes

Genre: Drama

 

The Gift of Life (1982)

Runtime: 2 hours

Genre: Drama, Romance

 

The 40 Film (2013)

Runtime: 1 hour, 2 minutes

Genre: Documentary

 

 

Are there any that I missed? Let me know in the comments below!

When Abortion Gets Personal: My Story

If you know me or have read any of my previous posts, you’re probably wondering why I care so much about fetuses. The answer is simple. I believe a fetus is biologically a human being and morally a human person. In fact, one “fetus” who very well could have been aborted is my dad.

This is my story. This is how abortion and adoption have directly impacted me.

When my dad was born, he was immediately adopted. I don’t know any other details- who his biological family is, why they chose to bring him to term, and why they placed him for adoption. However, I do know that my dad was adopted by some wonderful people who were not only great parents, but fantastic grandparents. I’m so glad my dad was blessed with parents that raised him to be the incredible man he is today. And because of that, my sisters and I were blessed to have an all-around great dad and very caring, attentive grandparents, even if it was only for a short time. Unfortunately, we lost both of my grandparents to lung cancer when I was really young, but they’ve had a lasting impact on my life. And as a believer in Jesus, I know I’ll see them again someday. I can’t wait!

Growing up, I’ve only ever been told that adoption is a good thing. Now, I realize what could have been. My biological grandmother chose life. I wonder what her experience was like- how she got into that situation, the decisions she had to make, the opposition she must have faced. These thoughts often suggest abortion to me. Knowing the time period in which my dad was born, it was a very feasible option. And one day I’d love to get my biological grandmother’s story- to know why she chose life when society around her was undoubtedly promoting my dad’s death.

That choice affected not only me, but many others. I wonder if my dad’s mother thought about that- the impact her little boy would have on so many others. This has affected personal relationships- friends, extended family, my mom, and my sisters- as well as business connections- employees, customers, business partners, etc. My dad’s even had a positive impact on many acquaintances and strangers. It’s crazy to think how this effect expands, multiplies, and spreads infinitely. It’s hard to quantify what wouldn’t have happened if my biological grandmother chose abortion. My sisters and I wouldn’t even exist. Not to mention our potential future kids.

In fact, I consider myself and my generation to be abortion survivors. As abortion has become more and more common, more and more accepted, and the economy has tanked, the likelihood we could’ve been aborted has increased significantly. However, my generation is considered to be the most pro-life in decades- the generation to abolish abortion.

I’m sure everyone knows someone affected by abortion, whether they know it or not- abortions that were suggested, considered, almost done, failed, or completed. Maybe they’re a descendant of someone who could’ve been aborted, like me. The point is, no one is exempt from the impact of abortion- whether direct or indirect.

Because of my experience, I truly believe that people are so important. They deserve to have a chance at life, not only because of their potential, but the inherent worth of a precious human life. God knows my dad was worth it.

The Heart of a Pro-Lifer

Pro-Choicers,

Maybe you’re wondering what’s going on inside a pro-lifer’s head. Most of you perceive us to be intrusive, hateful, and judgmental. I get it. I really do. I don’t mean to stereotype or generalize you, but by definition, pro-choice means to believe a woman has the right to do with her body what she wishes, including sex and abortion.

And I agree that everyone has certain inalienable rights, endowed by their Creator, that no government should take away. However, I believe among these rights are “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness,” as outlined by the Founding Fathers in the Declaration of Independence.

Unfortunately, many overlook this statement, as it clearly extends to all- men, women, and children. Scientifically, we know a fetus is alive, a growing human being in the womb. So it only makes sense that these rights would extend to the unborn child as well, right?

Well, obviously pro-choicers just don’t see it that way. And like I said, I get it. Generally, you believe a mother’s rights trump that of the baby- maybe because she was born first or the baby is practically “renting” space in the mother’s womb, etc.

And, at first glance, those arguments seem really valid. But somehow pro-lifers still exist. In fact, over half the country considers themselves to be pro-life. I imagine that pro-choicers are really baffled by how that could be.

Well here’s a look into one pro-lifers heart, thoughts, and mind. Although this is just the perspective of one person, I hope it’ll give you some insight to better understand the pro-life movement as a whole.

See, no one is exempt from the effects of abortion- friends, family members, neighbors, communities… And despite popular belief, the pro-life movement equally cares about men, women, and children.

Sadly, in cases of abortion, men don’t really have a say. If a father wants to keep his child, but the mother wants to have an abortion, the father’s will is completely disregarded. And I get it, the mother is the one who has to carry the baby for 9 months. But let’s face it, that baby is part of the father as well. It takes 2 to create life. I mean, c’mon, we all know what sex is for- reproduction. So don’t be surprised when sex results in pregnancy. And that baby has his or her father’s DNA. Both father and mother have a responsibility to and claim on that child. But when only one is willing to care for the child, it seems only logical that the parent would be granted that opportunity. Isn’t a few months a small sacrifice to make for a human baby that is wanted by its father? I don’t mean to sound cruel or harsh, but it’s really upsetting when a father, desperate to hold and raise his child, is denied that right. Men are often overlooked by both pro-life and pro-choice people, but they are not free from the consequences of abortion. In fact, these men often feel pain, loss, and depression when their child is aborted, whether they consented to it or not.

Then there’s the mother. Yeah, pregnancy is intimidating, difficult, expensive, and scary. But abortion is even worse. Bleeding, physical damage to the reproductive system, loss of fertility, infection due to fetal body parts left inside the womb, and even death can occur. In addition to the horrific physical consequences, there are often long term damages emotionally, psychologically, spiritually, and socially. It really pains me to hear that women struggle with these effects, including depression, regret, and feelings of loss after their abortion. In fact, this website details the possible physical and mental side-effects after an abortion.

Finally, abortion obviously affects the unborn baby. Not only does abortion intend to end the life of a child, but occasionally it fails and the child is born with awful repercussions. These include developmental damage, cerebral palsy, strokes, kidney failure, disfigurement, maiming, loss of limbs, congenital hip dislocation, blindness, and many other physical handicaps. Sometimes the child will even die after birth, either from the effects of the abortion procedure or a doctor intentionally killing it outside of the womb.

What’s troubling to me is that abortion is considered “okay” in the womb. But once that child is born, whether prematurely or not, and these damages occur, harming and killing the child is suddenly wrong… That seems inconsistent.

See, that’s why we fight this good fight. Our views are consistent in and out of the womb. We see incredible value in the father, mother, and child. We desire to meet their needs and help them all. That’s what the pro-life movement is working on today- providing tangible resources and essential support with love for the families affected by unplanned and crisis pregnancies. We hold fundraisers, mentor men and women, provide parenting classes, spread awareness about local low-cost pregnancy centers, and educate people about the negative affects of abortion in order to avoid tremendous pain and suffering.

The media has painted us pro-lifers to be monsters, especially because of some hateful radicals and violent vigilantes in this world. Those people give us a bad name, but they do not represent what the pro-life movement is really about. I apologize for the negative impression they’ve given you. We actually consider ourselves to be the new abolitionists of a dreadful lie plaguing people today- the lie that abortion is the best option. As many before us abolished slavery, racism, and sexism, we intend to rid the world of legal child-sacrifice.

I think it’s crucial to mention here that life is first among the rights established in our Declaration of Independence. Each life is different, unique, and deserves equal treatment. We do not find a person’s value in their size, independence, looks, circumstances, age, sex, weight, race, education, financial situation, or accomplishments. Each person deserves an equal chance at life, compassion, and love. No disease, no disability, no “defect” should define a person’s worth. ALL men (and women) were created EQUAL. And I think that’s something both ends of the political spectrum can, or at least should, agree with.

What’s interesting is I understand the pro-choice movement to preach equality, love, and acceptance. So it boggles my mind why these values wouldn’t extend to all people.

As pro-lifers, we often describe our movement as “pro-love” because that’s what we’re about. We dedicate a tremendous amount of time, effort, emotion, and resources into something that doesn’t directly impact us.We do it for the good and wellbeing of others, knowing we’ll face intense backlash, hate, judgment, and persecution.

Funny, that’s exactly what you fear from us.

I guess both sides can view each other as the enemy. But honestly, I want you to know we are not the enemy. I can see how you’d think, without abortion, women’s rights would be stifled and they’d be forced to carry out an unwanted or costly pregnancy. But the problem here is the devaluation of life. Our culture and media have invaded our minds with an image of what “good” and “right” should be. And, in my mind, right has become wrong and wrong has become right in the eyes of society.

Yeah, everyone is pretty aware abortion kills a baby.

But because of countless testimonies, we know abortion has tragic and harmful impacts on women emotionally, spiritually, socially, psychologically, and physically.

And this pain and brokenness extend to the fathers as well.

This is absolutely heartbreaking. This is not okay.

I do commend you for your concern and action regarding women’s rights and healthcare. They are noble causes.

But I don’t want this for women. I don’t want this for anyone. They deserve better than abortion. They deserve love, joy, hope, respect, support, honesty, compassion, help, and quality healthcare.

And that’s what the pro-life movement is really about. ❤

 

How Homeschool Prepared Me for Adulting

“You’re homeschooled?! What are you going to do when you get to college?”

Ummm… Learn like everyone else?

See, I used to get asked questions like these all the time.

“Is your mom your teacher?”

“Do you have any friends?”

“Do you stay in your pjs all day?”

…Actually, that last one is true. ;D

But despite the increase in homeschool’s popularity, many people don’t really understand how it works. I can practically predict word for word the line of questions I’ll encounter as they express their surprise and disgust.

In fact, one of my closest friends in elementary school was so irritated that I’d start homeschool in junior high that she tried to convince me my mom was wrong and controlling, and I should try to change her mind.

She was wrong.

So why was I homeschooled in the first place? Well, most of my friends in school had older siblings in junior high and high school. Their parents told my mom about all the horror stories they encountered. Because we lived in a good area with top schools, the news was very unsettling. So my mom looked into alternative options. All of her hard word to raise good, obedient kids with Christian values would not go to waste. Our peers were heading to a school where kids grew up too quickly and engaged in inappropriate behaviors. But my mom wasn’t going to stand for that. And I’m so glad she took action. Besides, there was already a ton of bullying going on at our elementary school. I can only imagine how much worse it would’ve gotten as these kids grew older.

So my mom homeschooled us. But what is that exactly?

When my mom told me of her plans to homeschool us, I figured she’d would teach us at the kitchen table with old, cheesy textbooks. This was certainly not the case. Now, I laugh when people suggest that image of homeschooling.

Actually, homeschooling has changed tremendously over time as the federal government has intruded in the public school system. More and more people have decided to homeschool their kids, and are very happy with the decision. Also, there are plenty of options when it comes to homeschooling- online, personal tutoring, part time attendance at a public/private school, college courses etc.

I started with online homeschool. Personally, I didn’t like it. But that’s the beauty of homeschooling- there are so many options, you just have to find which method works best for you. When I started high school, I joined a program that’s affiliated with a local private Christian school. Classes had anywhere from 5 to 45 students, providing a more personalized and beneficial learning environment. We’d meet once or twice a week at a teacher’s house or a church. Then I’d complete my assignments, papers, and projects at home, turning them in later on. This set up was very similar to college.

Overall, I’m so grateful for my homeschooling experience. Despite what many think, I feel homeschool has actually done more to prepare me for college and life than public school ever would have.

Here are the ways homeschooling benefitted me:

1. Protection

As I understand it, public school is a dog-eat-dog world filled with many careless teachers, cruel students, and inappropriate behaviors taking place in a social mine field. And although these incidents may teach students invaluable lessons the hard way, they can be  very unnecessary or permanently damaging experiences. Sure, I was sheltered from these things HAPPENING to me, but I was not ignorant of their existence. My parents were vigilant in keeping me safe, as well as teaching me how to avoid and deal with various situations.

2. Learning

The educational aspect of homeschooling is incredible. Some may think homeschoolers get it easy because their parents grade their work. However, I’d actually argue that our parents and teachers were more helpful because they gave constructive criticism and really cared about the students. Also, they were able to cater our education to our strengths, interests, needs, pace, and learning style. If unforeseen circumstances arose, our teachers were compassionate and helpful. However, these teachers still had high standards in an effort to prepare us for college. In fact, some of my classes, such as biology, were college-level courses. During a field trip at APU, we actually found out we knew more and were better prepared for college biology than the university’s students. Our courses were also more interesting due to the freedom our teachers had, their personal interest in the subjects, and their desire for us to succeed. The band-aid protecting us from the obligations of adulthood was slowly peeled off, exposing us to new duties and expectations in a smooth and healthy transition. I learned more than I ever imagined, enjoyed the courses, and discovered my passions for writing and politics. Plus, my teachers became more like mentors to me than simple instructors.

3. Extracurricular Activities

With extra time and flexible schedules, my family had more opportunities to do fun and even educational activities. We went on field trips with school, enjoyed family vacations throughout the year, and visited Disneyland on weekdays when it wasn’t so busy. I believe this brought us closer together as a family and I cherish those memories.

And yes, I did have a prom. Let me tell you, I did go to a “real” prom. Mine was WAY better. It was legit- decorations, backdrops, photos, music, food… Plus, we had pool, foosball, and other activities for the over 90 students to enjoy. There was something for everyone- even the students who didn’t like to dance.

Additionally, our school had an ASB. This group put on service and social events every month. I served on ASB as fundraising commissioner, café manager, publicity commissioner, and President. This also gave me the opportunity to speak at my graduation. Due to the smaller class size, our ceremony was more personal and enjoyable, with great student and teacher speakers, a slideshow, worship music, etc.

4. College Structure

The structure of my classes was very much like college. For example, I could have 1 class on Monday, 2 on Thursday, 3 on Friday, and the rest of my electives at home. I’d go to class for a little over an hour, then head home to do homework. This prepared me for my first college schedule of 3 classes on Monday/Wednesday and 2 on Tuesday/Thursday. Public school students can’t say the same. In fact, many of my friends in college that were public schoolers admit the structure of their schedule and required independence really threw them for a loop. However, for homeschoolers, a lot of the responsibility to complete your work rests on you alone. This environment really breeds self-sufficiency, independence, determination, and self-motivation. Teachers aren’t telling you what’s due daily. And with more free time comes more responsibility to use that time wisely. In college and life, no one cares if you goof off and don’t do your work. That’s on you. Sure, there are consequences, failing a class or getting fired, but those only affect you… That’s life.

5. Values

My parents instilled values in me that were only strengthened through my schooling. Homeschooling with a Christian program allowed me to learn about politics, biology, and health with a Biblical perspective. I even took Bible courses every year, which helped me to really deepen my faith and strengthen my knowledge. This also prepared me to defend my beliefs in college, and sparked a love for apologetics that I still feed today with conferences and seminars. The friends and families surrounding me had similar world-views and moral values as well. It was great to be able to talk about God, ask questions, and pray in class. This would not be “appropriate” or normal in a public school today. In fact, I don’t think I would have a love for politics and Biblical knowledge if it weren’t for my interesting, in-depth, Biblically based classes with such knowledgeable, wise, and caring teachers. Because of them, I know what I want to do in life, and I’m so grateful for that.

 

Sure, everything didn’t go perfectly. We experienced normal drama and issues like any other teenager. But homeschooling allowed me to grow up in an environment of teachers, students, and parents with deep love and strong values. My family was able to support and walk alongside me in all I did. And I was able to learn and grow from each positive and negative situation.

Socially, mentally, emotionally, and spiritually, homeschooling only benefitted me. It prepared me for more situations than I can describe.

I’m eternally grateful for the time and effort my parents and teachers sacrificed to better me in my education and as a person. I’ve been able to make better decisions and feel comfortable in my independence, while enjoying the support and love of my family through my first year in college.

 

Have any questions about homeschooling? Let me know in the comments below!

When Your Event is All Over

So now that you’ve finished your event, you can relax… Right?

Wrong!

Okay okay, you can take some time to recover a bit, but don’t think you’re all done with this event just yet!

When you finish an event, it’s crucial to evaluate what happened and how effective it was. Determine what went well, what didn’t, and why. This will help you make fruitful changes in the future and be the best club you can possibly be.

When I was in ASB in high school, we utilized the meeting following our event to discuss how it went. This took up a large portion of our meeting, but it was thorough, productive, and incredibly helpful for future events.

 

Here’s a basic outline, similar to the one we used in ASB. It should prove helpful to you when discussing the aftermath of an event.

1. What happened at the event?
2. What went well?
3. What didn’t go well?
4. How would you change this event in the future?
5. Will you utilize this event idea again?

 

Additionally, here are some tips to keep in mind when going through your event analysis:

1. Ask for opinions and feedback from various people, preferably when your whole club meets.
2. Discuss the event right after it happens, as soon as possible, when it’s still fresh in your mind.
3. If you won’t have a meeting for a while, write down all you remember to discuss later with the group.
4. Be honest! It will only help you.
5. Get specific in your analysis! Recall all that you can- big and small details!
6. TAKE NOTES! Preserve your thoughts for future members to use. And keep those notes organized. Also, it would be helpful to save your notes from the planning process.
7. Don’t take critiques personally. The point of your organization is to be as effective as you can amongst the largest audience possible.
8. Keep in mind, events will never go as perfectly as you plan and smoothly as you hope, so just accept it. Take the suggestions with positivity and appreciation- they’re meant to help you in the long-run. Make the best of your situation!
9. Celebrate your successes and show appreciation to those who helped you!
10. Overall, remember to be positive and honest. Anything that went wrong is a chance to grow and learn, and that’s a great thing!

 

I hope this helps you and your organization to be more successful and effective with your future events through the planning, executing, and analyzing processes!